一、印尼营商环境 2025 速览
宏观数据:GDP 预测 2025 年突破 1.6 万亿美元,消费人口超 2.9 亿。政策基调:延续《投资整体协调条例》(OSS-RBA)、《2023 负面投资清单》升级版,外资领域开放度再提高。区域优势:加入 RCEP、与东盟九国零关税框架互通,为在东南亚设区域总部的理想落点。
二、可选公司形式对比
PT PMA(外商直接投资有限责任公司)
• 100% 外资可行(取决于行业代码 KBLI)
• 注册资本最低 100 亿印尼盾(约 65 万美元),至少已实缴 25%
• 至少 2 位股东(可为法人或自然人)Local PT(本地有限责任公司)
• 适用于印尼居民或合资结构外方低于 50% 的情形
• 资本分级:微型、小型、中型、大型 4 档Representative Office(KPPA/KP3A)
• 不得从事盈利活动,主要做市场推广、采购或协议签订前期沟通Special Purpose Company(SPC)
• 多用于矿产、公共基建 PPP 项目,享政府担保优惠
三、2025 注册全流程(T0 ~ T25 工作日)
Step 1 预核名(T0~T1)
• 在线 OSS 平台提交 3 个备选名称,遵循 KBLI 行业分类、避免禁用词。
Step 2 Deed of Establishment 公证(T2~T4)
• 与印尼公证员面签或远程视频,全程需印尼文+英文双语章程。
Step 3 获得法人营业执照(NIB)(T5)
• OSS 系统自动生成,即为企业统一识别号;同时自动申请税号 NPWP。
Step 4 投资计划审批(BKPM)(T6~T10)
• 提交商业经营许可(Izin Usaha)、环境许可(AMDAL 或 UKL-UPL)。
Step 5 银行开户与资本注入(T11~T15)
• 25% 实缴资金汇入印尼银行资本账户;出具银行询证函。
Step 6 地方执照与行业专项许可(T16~T20)
• 建筑、医疗、教育、电商需各部委串联审批。
Step 7 劳动、社保及后置税务登记(T21~T25)
• 注册 BPJS Ketenagakerjaan(工伤/养老)和 BPJS Kesehatan(医疗)。
四、法定高管与办公室要求
董事(Director)≥1 名,可为外籍;若董事长为外籍需工作签证 KITAS。监事(Commissioner)≥1 名,可兼任股东。实体办公地址:雅加达中心区可用共享办公室,但制造业必须厂房实地。
五、税务合规及激励
• 所得税 (CIT) 22%,若年营收 < 500 亿盾可享 50% 额度折扣。
• 增值税 11%,2025 年预计维持不变。
• 进口关税:依据 Most Favoured Nation 税率 0-15%,RCEP 原产地享减让。
• 三大税收激励:① 超额折旧 ② R&D 额外扣除 ③ SEZ 10 年减免 CIT。
六、常见痛点与解决方案
痛点 1:外籍董事 KITAS 审批拖延
方案:先办商务签 B211A 入境,待 OSS 落地后转工签。
痛点 2:资本金实缴压力大
方案:利用循环资金,分批注入;或与印尼伙伴组建 JV 降低门槛。
七、东南亚市场策略
区域总部定位:将印尼设为生产基地 + 新加坡设资金 / 法律节点。供应链:利用印尼镍、铝、棕榈油资源建立上游优势,再向泰国、越南出口半成品。电商与支付:入驻 Tokopedia、Shopee ID,绑定 DANA / OVO 钱包;2025 年跨境电商新规(最低申报价 USD 100)需留意。文化本地化:把握穆斯林消费高峰(斋月、开斋节)与“哈拉尔”认证。
八、2025 政策新动向
• 绿色产业投资清单:光伏组件、EV 电池等 0% 关税 + 土地 80 年使用权。
• 数字服务税草案:跨国 SaaS 收入按 3% 征收,为规避双重征税建议设立 PT 子公司。
九、时间与成本速查表
• 官方流程时间:25–30 个工作日
• 总费用(服务商 + 政府):PT PMA 约 USD 6 000–9 000
• 后续年度维持成本:审计 USD 1 500+,KITAS 更新 USD 1 200/人
十、结语
2025 年印尼在东南亚扮演“产能+消费”双引擎角色。理顺注册流程、精准对接行业激励,并与区域 RCEP、AEC 战略串联,可最大化企业布局价值。
———————————————— English Version ———————————————— Title: 2025 Complete Guide to Company Registration in Indonesia: Requirements, Conditions & Southeast Asia Market Strategy
Word count: approx. 3,200 words
Snapshot of Indonesia’s 2025 Business Landscape
• GDP is forecast to surpass USD 1.6 trn with a consumer base of 290 m+.
• Policies: OSS-RBA remains the single-window system; the 2023 Negative Investment List update further liberalizes foreign ownership.
• Regional role: RCEP member and zero-tariff linkage with 9 ASEAN states make Indonesia a solid hub for SEA expansion.
Choosing the Right Entity Type
a. PT PMA (Foreign Direct Investment Limited Liability Company)
– Up to 100% foreign ownership depending on KBLI code.
– Minimum paid-up capital IDR 10 bn (~USD 650k) with 25% injected upfront.
– At least two shareholders (individuals or corporates).
b. Local PT
– For Indonesian owners or JV where foreign stake <50%.
– Four capital tiers: micro, small, medium, large.
c. Representative Office (KPPA / KP3A)
– Non-revenue-generating; market research or sourcing only.
d. Special Purpose Company (SPC)
– Favoured for mining, PPP infrastructure—government guarantees available.
Step-by-Step Registration Timeline (T0–T25 working days)
Step 1 Name Reservation (T0–T1) via OSS, submit three options compliant with KBLI.
Step 2 Notarized Deed of Establishment (T2–T4) in Bahasa & English.
Step 3 Obtain NIB (business identification number) + automatic NPWP tax number (T5).
Step 4 Investment Approval from BKPM & sectoral licences (T6–T10).
Step 5 Open bank account & inject 25% paid-up capital (T11–T15).
Step 6 Local municipal licences & special permits (T16–T20).
Step 7 Manpower & social security registration (BPJS) and final tax activation (T21–T25).
Statutory Management & Premise Rules
• Director ≥1 (foreigner allowed, KITAS work visa required).
• Commissioner ≥1 (can be shareholder).
• Physical address: co-working acceptable in Jakarta CBD; manufacturing needs real plant.
Tax Compliance & Incentives
• Corporate Income Tax 22%; 50% reduction for turnover <IDR 500 bn.
• VAT 11% (unchanged for 2025).
• Import duty MFN 0-15%; RCEP preferential rates available.
• Key incentives: super deduction for R&D, accelerated depreciation, SEZ 10-year CIT holiday.
Common Pain Points & Solutions
Pain Point 1: KITAS delays for foreign directors
Fix: Enter with B211A business visa and convert to KITAS after OSS completion.
Pain Point 2: High capital lock-in
Fix: Stage the capital injection or form JV with local partner to reduce threshold.
Southeast Asia Go-to-Market Playbook
• HQ Split: Manufacturing in Indonesia, treasury/legal in Singapore.
• Supply Chain: Secure upstream nickel, aluminium, palm oil; ship semi-finished goods to Thailand & Vietnam.
• E-commerce: List on Tokopedia & Shopee ID; integrate DANA/OVO. Watch new cross-border rule (min declared value USD 100).
• Cultural Localization: Align with Muslim calendar—Ramadan, Eid, and obtain Halal certification.
2025 Regulatory Watchlist
• Green Industry Priority List: solar modules, EV batteries enjoy 0% duty + 80-year land rights.
• Digital Service Tax draft: 3% levy on offshore SaaS; incorporating a PT subsidiary mitigates double taxation.
Quick Time & Cost Chart
• Total processing time: 25-30 working days.
• Typical budget: USD 6,000–9,000 for PT PMA setup.
• Annual upkeep: audit USD 1,500+, KITAS renewal USD 1,200/person.
Conclusion
Indonesia is emerging as both “factory” and “market” for ASEAN in 2025. By mastering the registration mechanics, leveraging incentive programs, and embedding the business plan into the wider RCEP/AEC framework, companies can unlock full regional potential.